ADD & ADHD

What is ADHD?

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that usually begins in childhood and can continue into adulthood. It affects millions of people and shows up as a mix of persistent symptoms — trouble keeping attention, controlling impulses and regulating activity — that can get in the way of daily life (Mayo Clinic (opens in a new tab)).

Symptoms

• Inattention: difficulty staying focused, following through on tasks and organizing activities; being easily distracted; often forgetting daily activities or losing needed items.
• Hyperactivity and impulsivity: excessive fidgeting, difficulty staying seated, talking a lot, interrupting others and acting without thinking about the consequences (Mayo Clinic (opens in a new tab)).

Types of ADHD

• Predominantly inattentive — mainly inattention (often called ADD).
• Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive — mainly hyperactivity and impulsivity.
• Combined — a mix of both (Mayo Clinic (opens in a new tab)).

Causes and risk factors

The exact cause isn’t fully understood. Genetic, environmental and neurological factors are all believed to play a part. Research points to a strong genetic component, with heritability estimated at 70–80%; prenatal exposure to toxins and complications at birth may also contribute (National Institute of Mental Health (opens in a new tab)).

Diagnosis

ADHD is diagnosed through a full evaluation: clinical interviews, behavior assessments and input from parents and teachers. Symptoms must appear in more than one setting (such as home and school) and must significantly affect functioning (CDC (opens in a new tab)).

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Conventional medicine (AMA)

There is no cure for ADHD, but several treatments manage symptoms effectively. The right mix depends on age, symptoms and individual needs (NIMH (opens in a new tab)).

1. Behavior therapy

• Young children: the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends parent training in behavior management as the first treatment for children under 6 — teaching parents ways to reinforce positive behavior and manage disruptive behavior (CDC (opens in a new tab)).
• Older children and teens: medicine combined with behavior therapy is often recommended. Behavioral support includes structure, positive reinforcement and skills training (CDC (opens in a new tab)).
• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), parent training and school interventions give practical strategies for managing symptoms (NIMH (opens in a new tab)).

2. Medicines

• Stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamines are the most commonly prescribed. They raise levels of certain brain chemicals, improving focus and reducing impulsivity.
• Non-stimulants such as atomoxetine, or certain antidepressants, are an option for people who can’t take stimulants or have specific health concerns. They act more slowly but can be effective (Mayo Clinic (opens in a new tab)).

3. Combination therapy

Many treatment plans combine medicine and behavior therapy, which can work better and cover a wider range of symptoms (American Academy of Pediatrics, Pediatrics (opens in a new tab)).

4. School and community support

Schools play a key role through accommodations and support suited to each child. Parents, teachers and healthcare providers working together is essential (CDC (opens in a new tab)).

5. Monitoring and adjustment

Regular follow-ups check how well treatment is working and adjust it as a child grows and circumstances change (CDC (opens in a new tab)).

Lifestyle

Regular physical activity, a structured environment and healthy eating can also help manage symptoms (NIMH (opens in a new tab)).

What to expect

ADHD calls for a many-sided approach. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve outcomes, helping people with ADHD lead successful, fulfilling lives (Mayo Clinic (opens in a new tab)).

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