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Ear Problems (Earaches, Infections & Earwax)
Earaches, ear infections, swimmer’s ear, earwax, blocked or “popping” ears and a ruptured eardrum — very common, especially in young children, and most get better on their own or with simple care.
Get medical care right away — call your doctor now, or go to urgent care or the emergency room — for:
- Ear pain with a high fever, a stiff neck or a severe headache. A stiff neck or a very painful headache with a high temperature can be signs of meningitis, which needs emergency care (NHS (opens in a new tab)). Rarely, an ear infection spreads to the bone behind the ear (mastoiditis), which can lead to meningitis or permanent hearing loss if it isn’t treated quickly (NHS (opens in a new tab)). CDC advises seeing a provider for a fever of 102.2°F (39°C) or higher (CDC (opens in a new tab)).
- Swelling, redness or pain behind the ear, or an ear that starts to stick out — signs of mastoiditis, an infection of the bone behind the ear (NHS (opens in a new tab)).
- Sudden hearing loss, especially in one ear, sometimes with a “pop,” dizziness, ringing or a full feeling. Treat it as a medical emergency and see a doctor immediately — treatment works best when started early (NIDCD (opens in a new tab)).
- Drooping or weakness of one side of the face. Get emergency help, as it can be a sign of a stroke; it can also be Bell’s palsy, which needs prompt treatment (NHS (opens in a new tab)). With an ear infection, also get urgent help for new dizziness, vomiting or a change in hearing (NHS (opens in a new tab)).
- An ear injury — after a blow to the head, bleeding or clear fluid from the ear or new hearing problems (NHS (opens in a new tab)) — or something stuck in the ear. Don’t try to remove it yourself (NHS (opens in a new tab)), and don’t put cotton swabs or anything else inside the ear (NHS (opens in a new tab)).
- A button battery in the ear (or nose) must be removed right away to avoid permanent damage (Poison Control (opens in a new tab)). Don’t put any drops in the ear until a doctor has examined it (Poison Control (opens in a new tab)).
- A baby younger than 3 months with a temperature of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher — call right away (CDC (opens in a new tab), NHS (opens in a new tab)). The NHS adds that a baby under 12 months who may have an ear infection should see a doctor (NHS (opens in a new tab)).
Also contact a provider for fluid or pus draining from the ear, hearing loss, symptoms that get worse, or ear-infection symptoms lasting more than 2–3 days (CDC (opens in a new tab)).
How common are ear problems?
Very common, especially in young children. Five out of six children will have at least one ear infection by their third birthday, and ear infections are the most common reason parents bring a child to the doctor (NIDCD (opens in a new tab)). Adults get ear infections too, but they are less common (MedlinePlus (opens in a new tab)). Children’s eustachian tubes — the small passages that link the middle ear to the back of the throat — are shorter and more level than adults’, so fluid drains less easily, and their immune systems are still developing (NIDCD (opens in a new tab)).
The main ear problems
- Middle-ear infection (acute otitis media). Infection and swelling behind the eardrum with trapped fluid, often starting after a cold or sore throat. It causes ear pain and sometimes fever (NIDCD (opens in a new tab)). Both bacteria and viruses can cause it (CDC (opens in a new tab)). Babies and young children may rub or pull at the ear, be irritable or restless, go off their food or keep losing their balance (NHS (opens in a new tab)).
- Fluid behind the eardrum (otitis media with effusion, or “glue ear”). Fluid without infection, often left over after an ear infection. It doesn’t cause fever or pain (CDC (opens in a new tab)). Its most common symptom is temporary hearing loss; children may ask for the TV to be turned up or seem easily distracted (NHS (opens in a new tab)).
- Swimmer’s ear (otitis externa). An infection of the outer ear canal, usually from water that stays in the ear. The ear hurts when the outer ear is tugged or pressed, and may itch, drain, look red or swell (CDC (opens in a new tab)).
- Earwax buildup. Wax protects the ears from dirt and germs and normally falls out on its own, but it can build up and block the ear (NHS (opens in a new tab)) — a common, treatable cause of hearing loss (NHS (opens in a new tab)).
- Eustachian tube problems and airplane ear (barotrauma). When the eustachian tube is blocked, the air pressure in the middle ear can’t even out with the pressure around you (CDC (opens in a new tab)). A cold, sore throat, sinus infection or ear infection can narrow the tube (FAA (opens in a new tab)). On a plane, trouble usually comes during descent: the ear feels full, hearing gradually becomes muffled, and then it hurts (FAA (opens in a new tab)). It is usually not severe, but rarely it can cause dizziness, hearing loss, a burst eardrum or lasting ringing (CDC (opens in a new tab)). Get urgent advice for sudden hearing loss, or hearing loss with earache or discharge (NHS (opens in a new tab)).
- Ruptured (perforated) eardrum. A hole or tear in the eardrum. Symptoms usually start suddenly after an ear infection, an injury, a loud noise or a sudden change in air pressure, and can include hearing loss, ringing, earache, and clear fluid, blood or pus leaking from the ear. Keep the ear dry and see a provider; it usually heals by itself within 2 months (NHS (opens in a new tab)).
- Objects in the ear. Don’t try to remove an object stuck in the ear yourself — see a doctor (NHS (opens in a new tab), NHS (opens in a new tab)).
Ear pain isn’t always from the ear: it can come with teething or a dental abscess, a sore throat or tonsillitis (NHS (opens in a new tab)), or a jaw-joint problem (temporomandibular disorder, TMD) (NHS (opens in a new tab)). Spinning dizziness from the inner ear is covered in our Dizziness & Vertigo guide. Separate MBHA guides to tinnitus (ringing in the ears) and Ménière’s disease are on the way.
How ear problems are diagnosed
The clinician looks at the eardrum with a lighted otoscope; a red, bulging eardrum points to infection. A pneumatic otoscope puffs air to see whether the eardrum moves, since one with fluid behind it moves less (NIDCD (opens in a new tab)). Tympanometry uses a small, soft plug in the ear that varies the air pressure and measures how flexibly the eardrum moves (NIDCD (opens in a new tab)). Guidelines advise it when fluid is suspected but the diagnosis is still unclear (AAO-HNS guideline, 2016 (opens in a new tab)). A hearing test is advised if fluid lasts 3 months or longer (AAO-HNS guideline (opens in a new tab)).
Side by side
Six approaches compared
For every condition we look at the same six approaches: what each involves, what it typically costs, and what a patient can realistically expect.
| Approach | What it involves | Estimated cost | What to expect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional medicine (AMA) | Pain relief first; watchful waiting for some mild middle-ear infections, with antibiotics when they are needed; ear tubes for repeated infections or long-lasting fluid with hearing problems; antibiotic ear drops for swimmer’s ear; and softening drops, rinsing or in-office removal for blocked earwax. | Without insurance: urgent care about $100–$250 for a basic visit, retail clinic about $80–$200+, telehealth about $40–$90. Earwax removal and ear tubes: cost estimate being researched. | Strong evidence and national guidelines. Many middle-ear infections clear without antibiotics, most ear infections clear up within a few days, and fluid usually clears within weeks to months. |
| Chiropractic | Some chiropractors offer gentle spinal or neck adjustments for children with ear infections, aiming to help fluid drain. | Without insurance, about $90–$200 for a first visit and $55–$100 for follow-ups. | Studied, but with little high-quality evidence: reviews find no good evidence to support or refute it. Serious harm in children appears rare, but how often it happens is unknown. Not a substitute for a medical exam. |
| Acupuncture | Fine needles, sometimes at points around the ear. | About $125–$230 for a first visit and $90–$185 for follow-ups; community clinics about $50–$90. | Very little research: a review found only a few human studies, none in English. We found no good evidence that it treats ear infections. |
| Herbal medicine | Herbal ear drops such as garlic and mullein oil blends for ear pain. Never use any drops if the eardrum may be torn or there are ear tubes. Avoid ear candling. | Cost estimate being researched. | Two small trials found herbal drops eased ear pain about as well as numbing drops, but most pain went away with time alone. Ear candles don’t work and can burn the ear. |
| Massage therapy | Gentle massage of tight jaw muscles when ear pain comes from the jaw joint, and warmth on a sore ear, for comfort. | One national chain’s franchises list about $125–$160 for a 60-minute massage for non-members; memberships about $70–$90 a month. | Little research. It may feel soothing, but it doesn’t treat infection, and we found no good evidence that it clears blocked ears. |
| MBHA Wellness Coach | Prevention habits: vaccines, a smoke-free home, breastfeeding and no bottles in bed, dry ears after swimming, nothing in the ear canal, pressure tricks for flying, cold prevention and hearing protection. | MBHA coaching cost estimate being researched. | These steps lower the risk of ear infections, swimmer’s ear, airplane ear and noise damage. Noise-induced hearing loss is completely preventable. |
Approach 1 of 6
Conventional medicine (AMA)
Most ear problems are handled by a primary care provider or pediatrician; persistent or complicated problems go to an ear, nose and throat specialist (otolaryngologist). Treatment depends on which part of the ear is affected.
1. Middle-ear infections: pain relief first, antibiotics when needed
The 2013 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Academy of Family Physicians guideline covers children 6 months through 12 years with uncomplicated ear infections. It sets a strict definition of an ear infection and addresses pain relief, when to watch rather than start antibiotics, which antibiotics to use, and prevention (AAP guideline, 2013 (opens in a new tab)). In practice:
- Treat the pain. A warm cloth on the ear and over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen can help; children under 16 should not take aspirin (NHS (opens in a new tab), NIDCD (opens in a new tab)). If the eardrum may have burst, don’t put ear drops in unless a doctor recommends them (NHS (opens in a new tab)). We don’t list doses — ask your pharmacist or pediatrician.
- Watchful waiting or a delayed prescription. For a mild infection, your provider may suggest waiting 2–3 days to see if the body clears it, or give a prescription to fill only if symptoms don’t improve (CDC (opens in a new tab)). CDC’s summary of the AAP guideline says mild cases in one ear in children 6–23 months old, or in one or both ears in children over 2, may be suitable for watchful waiting after a shared decision with the family (CDC (opens in a new tab)). If there is no improvement within 48–72 hours, antibiotics are started (NIDCD (opens in a new tab)).
- Antibiotics when indicated. Severe infections, or infections lasting longer than 2–3 days, need antibiotics (CDC (opens in a new tab)). MedlinePlus notes that infections in young babies may also need them (MedlinePlus (opens in a new tab)). If prescribed, finish the full course (NIDCD (opens in a new tab)). Antibiotics can cause side effects such as a rash, nausea or diarrhea, and they don’t work against viruses (MedlinePlus (opens in a new tab)).
- Daily preventive antibiotics are not recommended to reduce repeated ear infections (CDC (opens in a new tab)).
2. Fluid behind the eardrum: wait, watch and check hearing
Most fluid clears on its own. Fluid left after an infection usually disappears within 3 to 6 weeks (NIDCD (opens in a new tab)), and glue ear often clears up within 3 months (NHS (opens in a new tab)). The 2016 ear, nose and throat (AAO-HNS) guideline strongly recommends watchful waiting for 3 months for children who aren’t at extra risk, and recommends against steroids, antibiotics, antihistamines or decongestants for fluid alone. It advises a hearing test if fluid lasts 3 months or more (AAO-HNS guideline, 2016 (opens in a new tab)). Children whose speech, language or learning is already at risk need a hearing test whatever the duration (AAO-HNS guideline (opens in a new tab)).
Nasal balloon “autoinflation” — blowing up a balloon through the nose to push air into the middle ear — is a low-cost option. A Cochrane review of 8 small, short trials found it reasonable to consider while waiting for fluid to clear, with no difference in side effects (Cochrane review, 2013 (opens in a new tab)), and a 2015 trial in 320 children aged 4–11 found more children had normal ear-pressure tests at 3 months, with better ear-related quality of life (trial, CMAJ (opens in a new tab)). Ask your provider whether it suits your child.
3. Ear tubes for repeated infections or lasting fluid
Ear tubes (tympanostomy tubes) are tiny tubes placed through the eardrum to let air in and fluid drain; the most commonly used tubes stay in place for 6 to 9 months and fall out on their own (NIDCD (opens in a new tab)). They are the most common outpatient surgery for U.S. children. The 2022 AAO-HNS guideline says clinicians should offer tubes for fluid in both ears lasting 3 months or longer with documented hearing difficulties, and for repeated ear infections when fluid is present at the time of assessment — but not for a single bout of fluid lasting less than 3 months, or for repeated infections when the ears are clear. A draining ear with tubes is usually treated with antibiotic ear drops alone, and children with tubes don’t routinely need earplugs or to stay out of the water (AAO-HNS guideline, 2022 (opens in a new tab)).
4. Swimmer’s ear: antibiotic ear drops
The 2014 AAO-HNS guideline says uncomplicated swimmer’s ear should be treated first with ear drops, not antibiotics by mouth, unless the infection has spread beyond the ear canal or the person has health factors that call for it. It also stresses checking and treating pain, using drops that are safe for the inner ear when the eardrum may have a hole or there is a tube, and rechecking anyone who isn’t better in 48–72 hours (AAO-HNS guideline, 2014 (opens in a new tab)). If the canal is blocked, the clinician may clean it or place a wick to help the drops get in, and should check for factors such as diabetes or a weak immune system that change treatment (AAO-HNS guideline (opens in a new tab)). People with diabetes or a weakened immune system should get urgent advice for ear-infection symptoms (NHS (opens in a new tab)).
5. Earwax: treat only when it causes problems
The 2017 AAO-HNS guideline says clinicians should treat earwax that causes symptoms or blocks the view of the ear, but not wax that causes no problems. Options are softening drops (including water or saline), rinsing (irrigation) or removal with instruments, with extra care for people with a non-intact eardrum, diabetes, a weak immune system or blood thinners; it recommends against ear candling (AAO-HNS guideline, 2017 (opens in a new tab)). See Earwax: safe care and what to avoid below.
What it costs
- Urgent care for ear pain: about $100–$250 for a basic visit without insurance, more with tests or treatment (The Pricer (opens in a new tab)).
- Retail clinic: a CVS MinuteClinic visit for a minor illness, such as ear discomfort, commonly costs about $80–$200+ without insurance (The Pricer (opens in a new tab)).
- Telehealth: many basic cash-pay virtual visits cost about $40–$90 (The Pricer (opens in a new tab)).
- Earwax removal and ear tubes: MBHA cost estimate being researched.
How well it works — what to expect
Most ear infections clear up within 3 days, though symptoms sometimes last up to a week (NHS (opens in a new tab)). Some children keep getting them, sometimes five or six a year (NIDCD (opens in a new tab)), and fluid can linger for weeks or months (NHS (opens in a new tab)). Earwax symptoms should improve as softened wax falls out or is removed (NHS (opens in a new tab)); if symptoms persist after the wax has cleared, the clinician should look for another cause (AAO-HNS guideline (opens in a new tab)).
Approach 2 of 6
Chiropractic
Chiropractic is a licensed health profession; care usually involves hands-on therapy, often spinal manipulation (NCCIH (opens in a new tab)). Some chiropractors treat children’s ear infections with gentle spinal or neck adjustments, on the idea that this helps the eustachian tubes open and fluid drain (review, Medicine (opens in a new tab)). This has been studied, but the evidence is thin.
What the research says
- 2012 literature review: of 49 articles on spinal manipulation for children’s ear infections, most were commentaries and case reports; only 4 were clinical trials. The authors found limited-quality evidence and concluded there is currently no evidence to support or refute spinal manipulation for ear infections (review, J Chiropr Med (opens in a new tab)).
- 2016 review of complementary treatments: found only limited-quality evidence and no clear evidence supporting spinal manipulation for ear infections (review, Medicine (opens in a new tab)).
- 2019 review of manual therapy in children: across 50 studies, the evidence for ear infections was rated inconclusive or unclear; only low back pain, pulled elbow and premature infants had moderately positive findings (systematic review, BMC Complement Altern Med (opens in a new tab)).
Safety for babies and young children
- A 2020 review found most reported side effects in children under 10 were mild, such as more crying or soreness, though one case report described a rib fracture in a 21-day-old baby. The risk of moderate or serious harm is unknown (rapid review, Chiropr Man Therap (opens in a new tab)).
- A 2015 review found serious harms after manual therapy in children are rarely reported; most involved high-velocity manipulation and an underlying health problem, so a careful exam beforehand matters (review, J Manipulative Physiol Ther (opens in a new tab)).
See a medical provider first. Ear pain with fever, swelling behind the ear, facial weakness or sudden hearing loss needs medical care, not an adjustment (see the warning box at the top of this page). Babies under 12 months who may have an ear infection should see a doctor (NHS (opens in a new tab)). Before choosing a chiropractor, ask about their education and licensure (NCCIH (opens in a new tab)).
What it costs
Without insurance, a first appointment commonly runs about $90–$200 and a follow-up visit about $55–$100 (The Pricer (opens in a new tab)).
Approach 3 of 6
Acupuncture
There is very little research on acupuncture for ear problems. A 2016 review of complementary treatments for children’s ear infections found only a few human studies, none published in English; the other studies it found were in dogs, and may not apply to people (review, Medicine (opens in a new tab)). An earlier review called traditional Chinese and Japanese therapies for ear infections promising but speculative until more research is done (review, Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol (opens in a new tab)).
In short, we found no good evidence that acupuncture treats ear infections, fluid behind the eardrum, swimmer’s ear or blocked ears. If you try it, use it alongside — not instead of — a medical diagnosis, and never delay care for the warning signs above.
Safety
Relatively few complications have been reported, but problems have come from non-sterile needles and poor technique. FDA requires needles to be sterile and single-use, and most states license acupuncturists (NCCIH (opens in a new tab)).
What it costs
Private sessions run about $125–$230 for a first visit and $90–$185 for follow-ups; community clinics about $50–$90 a visit (The Pricer (opens in a new tab)).
Approach 4 of 6
Herbal medicine
Never put anything in an ear that might have a torn eardrum or ear tubes. With a burst eardrum, don’t put anything in the ear, including ear drops, unless a doctor recommends it (NHS (opens in a new tab)), and ear tubes keep the eardrum open (NHS (opens in a new tab)). Signs the eardrum may have burst include sudden hearing loss, ringing, and clear fluid, blood or pus leaking from the ear (NHS (opens in a new tab)). If a button battery could be in the ear, put no drops in it until a doctor has examined it (Poison Control (opens in a new tab)).
Herbal ear drops (garlic, mullein and similar)
Naturopathic ear drops made with garlic, mullein flower, calendula and St. John’s wort in olive oil have been tested in two small trials from one research group in Israel:
- 2001: in 103 children aged 6–18 with ear pain from a middle-ear infection, the herbal drops eased pain about as well as numbing (anesthetic) ear drops over 3 days (trial, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med (opens in a new tab)).
- 2003: in 171 children aged 5–18, ear pain improved in every group over 3 days. Results were somewhat better with the herbal drops, but the authors noted that pain was mostly (80%) self-limited and could be explained by the passing of time; adding an antibiotic did not seem to help pain (trial, Pediatrics (opens in a new tab)).
A later review notes these drops have been criticized because their claimed anti-inflammatory effects couldn’t be confirmed (review, Medicine (opens in a new tab)), while another says herbal drops may help relieve symptoms during watchful waiting (review, Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol (opens in a new tab)). In short: they may ease pain a little in older children with an intact eardrum, but they don’t replace a medical exam, and they don’t treat swimmer’s ear or a ruptured eardrum. We don’t list doses or recipes — homemade garlic oil in particular hasn’t been tested.
Ear candling: don’t
Ear candling means burning a hollow candle with one end in the ear canal, supposedly to suck out wax. A 1996 study found ear candles create no suction and removed no wax — candle wax was actually left in some ears — and a survey of ear specialists turned up 21 injuries (study, Laryngoscope (opens in a new tab)). The FDA says there is no valid scientific evidence that ear candles work and that holding a lit candle near the face risks severe burns and ear damage; it treats them as unapproved medical devices that can be stopped at the border (FDA import alert (opens in a new tab)). The national earwax guideline recommends against ear candling (AAO-HNS guideline (opens in a new tab)).
Approach 5 of 6
Massage therapy
There is little research on massage for ear problems. It doesn’t treat ear infections or swimmer’s ear, and we found no good studies showing it clears blocked ears.
- For a blocked, full feeling: we found no good evidence that massage helps. On a plane, swallowing, yawning or tensing the throat muscles usually lets the pressure even out (FAA (opens in a new tab)); see Flying in the Wellness Coach section.
- Jaw and neck tension: a jaw-joint problem (TMD) can cause pain around the jaw, ear and temple, and the NHS suggests massaging the painful jaw muscles as self-care (NHS (opens in a new tab)). Massage may also give short-term relief of neck and shoulder pain (NCCIH (opens in a new tab)).
- Comfort: a warm cloth on the sore ear can help relieve earache (NHS (opens in a new tab)).
Safety
The risk of harm from massage appears low, though rare serious problems have been reported, mostly with vigorous techniques (NCCIH (opens in a new tab)). Don’t massage a red, swollen or painful area behind the ear — that needs a doctor (NHS (opens in a new tab)).
What it costs
Prices vary by location. At one national chain, franchise price lists show about $125–$160 for a 60-minute massage for non-members and about $65–$90 for members, whose memberships run about $70–$90 a month (The Pricer (opens in a new tab)). Tips are extra.
Approach 6 of 6
MBHA Wellness Coach
Many ear problems can be prevented. An MBHA Wellness Coach can help your family build these habits — always alongside your medical care.
Vaccines, hand washing and a smoke-free home
- Get recommended vaccines, such as the flu and pneumococcal vaccines; the pneumococcal vaccine protects against a common cause of middle-ear infections (CDC (opens in a new tab)). CDC recommends pneumococcal vaccination for all children under 5 and adults 50 and older, among others (CDC (opens in a new tab)), and a flu vaccine every season for everyone 6 months and older, with rare exceptions (CDC (opens in a new tab)).
- Wash hands often to cut down on colds and flu, and keep sick children apart as much as possible (NIDCD (opens in a new tab)).
- Children whose parents smoke around them get more ear infections, have fluid in their ears more often and have more ear-tube operations (CDC (opens in a new tab)). A coach can help with a quit plan and smoke-free rules for home and car.
Feeding babies
- CDC advises breastfeeding exclusively until 6 months and continuing for at least 12 months to help prevent ear infections (CDC (opens in a new tab)).
- Never put a baby down for a nap or for the night with a bottle (NIDCD (opens in a new tab)). The NHS also suggests trying not to give a pacifier (dummy) after 6 months of age (NHS (opens in a new tab)).
Dry ears, and nothing in the ear canal
- Use a swim cap, earplugs or swim molds. Afterward, tilt each ear down, gently pull the earlobe to let water drain, and towel dry; a hair dryer on the lowest setting, held several inches away, can finish the job (CDC (opens in a new tab)).
- Ask your provider before using ear-drying drops, and never use them with ear tubes, a punctured eardrum, swimmer’s ear or drainage (CDC (opens in a new tab)).
- Keep cotton swabs, pencils, paperclips and keys out of the ear canal (CDC (opens in a new tab)), and store spare and used button batteries out of sight and reach of young children, with battery compartments secured shut (Poison Control (opens in a new tab)).
Flying
- Swallow or yawn now and then as the plane descends, and stay awake for landing, since we swallow less often while asleep. Give babies a bottle or pacifier, and let small children chew gum. If that doesn’t work, try the Valsalva technique — close your mouth, pinch your nostrils shut and blow air into your nose — early, before the ears become painful (FAA (opens in a new tab)).
- If you have an ear, nose or sinus infection or bad congestion, consider postponing the flight or ask your provider about a decongestant (CDC (opens in a new tab)). Forcing air into the ears during a cold may carry the infection into the middle ear (FAA (opens in a new tab)). More travel tips are in our Air & Motion Sickness guide.
Colds and stuffy noses
Ear infections often begin after a cold, sore throat or other respiratory infection; when the eustachian tubes are swollen or blocked with mucus, fluid may not be able to drain (NIDCD (opens in a new tab)). The NHS also advises treating conditions that affect the ears, such as eczema (NHS (opens in a new tab)). See our Allergies guide and Common Cold guide.
Protecting your hearing from noise
Noise-induced hearing loss is the only type of hearing loss that is completely preventable. Long or repeated exposure to sounds at or above 85 decibels can damage hearing — loud headphones, concerts, lawn mowers, fireworks and guns are common culprits. Wear earplugs or earmuffs, move away from noise you can’t reduce, protect young children’s ears, and get your hearing tested if you notice changes (NIDCD (opens in a new tab)). MBHA coaching cost estimate being researched.
Another approach
Earwax: safe care and what to avoid
Earwax is not dirt. It protects your ears from dirt and germs, and it usually falls out on its own (NHS (opens in a new tab)). Wax that causes no symptoms doesn’t need treatment (AAO-HNS guideline (opens in a new tab)).
Signs of a blockage
Hearing loss, earache or a feeling that the ear is blocked, ringing or buzzing (tinnitus), or dizziness (NHS (opens in a new tab)).
Do
- For a blockage, softening drops — olive oil, almond oil (not if you’re allergic to almonds) or ear drops from a pharmacy — can help the wax fall out on its own; a pharmacist can advise (NHS (opens in a new tab)). Clinicians may also use water or saline to soften wax (AAO-HNS guideline (opens in a new tab)).
- If you wear hearing aids, expect your clinician to check your ears for wax at visits (AAO-HNS guideline (opens in a new tab)).
- See a provider if symptoms haven’t cleared after 5 days, or if your ear is badly blocked and you can’t hear anything. A clinic can flush the wax out with water, suck it out (microsuction) or scrape it out with a very small tool (NHS (opens in a new tab)).
Don’t
- Don’t use your fingers, cotton swabs or any object to remove earwax — they push it in and make it worse (NHS (opens in a new tab), CDC (opens in a new tab)).
- Don’t use drops if you have a hole in your eardrum (NHS (opens in a new tab)). Ear tubes keep the eardrum open (NHS (opens in a new tab)), so ask your provider first if your child has them.
- Don’t use ear candles or ear vacuums; there’s no evidence they get rid of earwax (NHS (opens in a new tab), FDA (opens in a new tab), AAO-HNS guideline (opens in a new tab)).
Another approach
Children’s ear infections
Signs to look for
Most ear infections happen before children can say “my ear hurts.” Look for tugging at the ear, fussiness and crying, trouble sleeping, fever, fluid draining from the ear, clumsiness, or not responding to quiet sounds (NIDCD (opens in a new tab)). Young children may also be off their food (NHS (opens in a new tab)).
Caring for your child at home
Rest, extra fluids and over-the-counter pain or fever medicine as directed help (CDC (opens in a new tab)), and a warm cloth on the ear can ease the pain (NHS (opens in a new tab)). A child with a high temperature, or who doesn’t feel well enough for normal activities, should stay home until they feel better (NHS (opens in a new tab)). Call your pediatrician for the warning signs at the top of this page, or if earache lasts more than 2–3 days, your child becomes generally unwell, fluid comes from the ear, their hearing changes, or a child under 2 has earache in both ears (NHS (opens in a new tab)).
Hearing and speech
Fluid behind the eardrum commonly causes temporary hearing loss; if it lasts a long time, it can affect a child’s speech development and progress at school (NHS (opens in a new tab)). If fluid lasts 3 months or longer, ask about a hearing test (AAO-HNS guideline (opens in a new tab)).
Another approach
A note on hearing loss
Hearing loss from fluid behind the eardrum or a burst eardrum is usually temporary (NHS (opens in a new tab), NHS (opens in a new tab)), and earwax build-up can be treated with ear drops or removed (NHS (opens in a new tab)). Gradual hearing loss with age is common: about one in three U.S. adults aged 65–74 has hearing loss, and nearly half of those over 75 have difficulty hearing (NIDCD (opens in a new tab)). If you find TV, parties or group conversations hard to follow, consider a hearing check. Over-the-counter hearing aids are available for adults with mild to moderate hearing loss, and a primary care doctor, ENT or audiologist can help with more complex problems (NIDCD (opens in a new tab)). Sudden hearing loss is different: see a doctor immediately (NIDCD (opens in a new tab)).
Member stories
Living with Ear Problems (Earaches, Infections & Earwax)? Share your experience
Real experiences help others choose. Tell us what you tried — conventional medicine, chiropractic, acupuncture, herbs, massage or coaching — what it cost and what changed.
Sources
- MedlinePlus — Ear infections (health topic) (opens in a new tab)
- MedlinePlus — Antibiotics (health topic) (opens in a new tab)
- NHS — Ear infections (opens in a new tab)
- NHS — Earache (opens in a new tab)
- NHS — Earwax build-up (opens in a new tab)
- NHS — Perforated eardrum (opens in a new tab)
- NHS — Glue ear (opens in a new tab)
- NHS — Mastoiditis (opens in a new tab)
- NHS — Meningitis (opens in a new tab)
- NHS — High temperature (fever) in children (opens in a new tab)
- NHS — Hearing loss (opens in a new tab)
- NHS — Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) (opens in a new tab)
- NHS — Bell’s palsy (opens in a new tab)
- NHS — Head injury and concussion (opens in a new tab)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) — Ear infections in children (opens in a new tab)
- NIDCD — Sudden deafness (opens in a new tab)
- NIDCD — Noise-induced hearing loss (opens in a new tab)
- NIDCD — Age-related hearing loss (opens in a new tab)
- CDC — Ear infection basics (opens in a new tab)
- CDC — Pediatric outpatient treatment recommendations (antibiotic prescribing) (opens in a new tab)
- CDC — Preventing swimmer’s ear (opens in a new tab)
- CDC — Pneumococcal vaccination (opens in a new tab)
- CDC — Flu vaccines (opens in a new tab)
- CDC — Health problems caused by secondhand smoke (opens in a new tab)
- CDC Yellow Book — Air travel (opens in a new tab)
- Poison Control (National Capital Poison Center) — Swallowed a button battery? Battery in the nose or ear? (opens in a new tab)
- Poison Control (National Capital Poison Center) — Batteries cause devastating injuries (button battery safety) (opens in a new tab)
- Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) — Trapped gas (ears and sinuses in flight) (opens in a new tab)
- FDA — Import Alert 77-01: ear candles (opens in a new tab)
- Lieberthal et al. — The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media, AAP guideline, Pediatrics, 2013 (PubMed) (opens in a new tab)
- Rosenfeld et al. — Clinical practice guideline: tympanostomy tubes in children (update), AAO-HNS, 2022 (PubMed) (opens in a new tab)
- Rosenfeld et al. — Clinical practice guideline: otitis media with effusion (update), AAO-HNS, 2016 (PubMed) (opens in a new tab)
- Rosenfeld et al. — Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa, AAO-HNS, 2014 (PubMed) (opens in a new tab)
- Schwartz et al. — Clinical practice guideline (update): earwax (cerumen impaction), AAO-HNS, 2017 (PubMed) (opens in a new tab)
- Perera et al. — Autoinflation for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion, Cochrane review, 2013 (PubMed) (opens in a new tab)
- Williamson et al. — Effect of nasal balloon autoinflation in children with otitis media with effusion in primary care, CMAJ, 2015 (PubMed) (opens in a new tab)
- Sarrell et al. — Efficacy of naturopathic extracts in the management of ear pain associated with acute otitis media, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2001 (PubMed) (opens in a new tab)
- Sarrell et al. — Naturopathic treatment for ear pain in children, Pediatrics, 2003 (PubMed) (opens in a new tab)
- Marom et al. — Complementary and alternative medicine treatment options for otitis media: a systematic review, Medicine, 2016 (PubMed Central) (opens in a new tab)
- Levi et al. — Complementary and alternative medicine for pediatric otitis media, Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2013 (PubMed) (opens in a new tab)
- Seely et al. — Ear candles: efficacy and safety, Laryngoscope, 1996 (PubMed) (opens in a new tab)
- Pohlman & Holton-Brown — Otitis media and spinal manipulative therapy: a literature review, J Chiropr Med, 2012 (PubMed) (opens in a new tab)
- Parnell Prevost et al. — Manual therapy for the pediatric population: a systematic review, BMC Complement Altern Med, 2019 (PubMed) (opens in a new tab)
- Corso et al. — The safety of spinal manipulative therapy in children under 10 years: a rapid review, Chiropr Man Therap, 2020 (PubMed) (opens in a new tab)
- Todd et al. — Adverse events due to chiropractic and other manual therapies for infants and children: a review, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 2015 (PubMed) (opens in a new tab)
- NCCIH — Chiropractic: in depth (opens in a new tab)
- NCCIH — Spinal manipulation: what you need to know (opens in a new tab)
- NCCIH — Acupuncture: effectiveness and safety (opens in a new tab)
- NCCIH — Massage therapy: what you need to know (opens in a new tab)
- The Pricer — How much does an urgent care visit cost without insurance? (opens in a new tab)
- The Pricer — CVS MinuteClinic cost (opens in a new tab)
- The Pricer — How much does a telehealth visit cost without insurance? (opens in a new tab)
- The Pricer — Chiropractor and chiropractic treatment cost (opens in a new tab)
- The Pricer — Acupuncture cost (opens in a new tab)
- The Pricer — Massage Envy cost (opens in a new tab)
This page is for education only and is not medical advice. Costs are typical U.S. ranges and estimates; yours will depend on your provider, location and insurance. Talk with your doctor before starting, stopping or combining any treatment. In an emergency, call 911. See our disclaimer.
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